Antibiotic exposure refers to the extent to which an individual or population has come into contact with antibiotics, either through direct administration for medical purposes or through indirect exposure in the environment. This area of research focuses on understanding the effects of antibiotic exposure on microbial communities, antibiotic resistance development, and overall public health. It also explores strategies to minimize unnecessary antibiotic use and promote responsible prescribing practices to mitigate the risks associated with antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic exposure research plays a crucial role in informing public health policies and interventions aimed at combating the growing threat of antibiotic resistance.